P
Loading...
Loading...
Complete Everyday Science and General Science guide covering physics, chemistry, biology, earth science, space science, environmental science, inventions, and 100+ frequently tested MCQ facts for CSS, PPSC, FPSC exams.
Everyday Science is a compulsory CSS paper (100 marks) and appears as MCQs in PPSC, FPSC, and all commission exams. This guide covers physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, technology, and environmental science concepts that are most frequently tested.
| Law | Statement | Example |
|---|---|---|
| First Law (Inertia) | An object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion stays in motion | Seatbelt prevents body from continuing forward in a crash |
| Second Law | Force = Mass x Acceleration (F = ma) | Heavier objects need more force to accelerate |
| Third Law | Every action has an equal and opposite reaction | Rocket propulsion, walking (push ground, ground pushes you) |
| Concept | Definition | Key Facts |
|---|---|---|
| Speed of Light | 300,000 km/s (3 x 10^8 m/s) | Fastest speed in universe |
| Speed of Sound | 343 m/s in air at 20°C | Faster in solids than gases |
| Gravity | 9.8 m/s² on Earth's surface | Moon's gravity is 1/6th of Earth |
| Electromagnetic Spectrum | Radio > Microwave > Infrared > Visible > UV > X-ray > Gamma | Visible light: VIBGYOR |
| Boiling Point of Water | 100°C (212°F) at sea level | Lower at higher altitudes (Murree ~95°C) |
| Freezing Point of Water | 0°C (32°F) | Ice is less dense than water (floats) |
| Concept | Definition | Application |
|---|---|---|
| Reflection | Light bouncing off a surface | Mirrors |
| Refraction | Light bending when passing through different mediums | Lenses, rainbow |
| Dispersion | White light splitting into colors | Prism, rainbow |
| Convex Lens | Converges light rays | Magnifying glass, farsightedness |
| Concave Lens | Diverges light rays | Nearsightedness correction |
| Element | Symbol | Key Fact |
|---|---|---|
| Hydrogen | H | Lightest element, most abundant in universe |
| Helium | He | 2nd lightest, used in balloons and airships |
| Oxygen | O | Essential for respiration, 21% of atmosphere |
| Carbon | C | Basis of organic life, 4 bonds |
| Nitrogen | N | 78% of atmosphere, used in fertilizers |
| Iron | Fe | Most used metal, Hemoglobin contains iron |
| Gold | Au | Does not corrode, symbol from Latin "Aurum" |
| Silver | Ag | Best conductor of electricity |
| Uranium | U | Used in nuclear reactors, radioactive |
| Concept | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atom | Smallest unit of matter that retains chemical properties |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms bonded together |
| pH Scale | 0-14: Below 7 = acidic, 7 = neutral, Above 7 = basic/alkaline |
| Catalyst | Speeds up reaction without being consumed |
| Oxidation | Loss of electrons (rusting is oxidation of iron) |
| Reduction | Gain of electrons |
| Compound | Formula | Common Name |
|---|---|---|
| Water | H₂O | Universal solvent |
| Carbon Dioxide | CO₂ | Greenhouse gas, exhaled in breathing |
| Sodium Chloride | NaCl | Table salt |
| Calcium Carbonate | CaCO₃ | Limestone, marble, chalk |
| Hydrochloric Acid | HCl | Stomach acid |
| Sodium Hydroxide | NaOH | Caustic soda (used in soap) |
| Sulfuric Acid | H₂SO₄ | "King of chemicals," most produced chemical |
| System | Function | Key Organs |
|---|---|---|
| Circulatory | Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients | Heart, blood vessels, blood |
| Respiratory | Gas exchange | Lungs, trachea, bronchi |
| Digestive | Food breakdown and nutrient absorption | Stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas |
| Nervous | Signal transmission and coordination | Brain, spinal cord, nerves |
| Skeletal | Support and protection | 206 bones in adult humans |
| Muscular | Movement | 600+ muscles |
| Endocrine | Hormone regulation | Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands |
| Immune | Disease defense | White blood cells, lymph nodes |
| Vitamin | Chemical Name | Source | Deficiency Disease |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Retinol | Carrots, liver | Night blindness |
| B1 | Thiamine | Whole grains | Beriberi |
| B2 | Riboflavin | Dairy, eggs | Ariboflavinosis |
| B3 | Niacin | Meat, peanuts | Pellagra |
| B12 | Cobalamin | Meat, dairy | Pernicious anemia |
| C | Ascorbic acid | Citrus fruits | Scurvy |
| D | Calciferol | Sunlight, fish | Rickets |
| E | Tocopherol | Nuts, seeds | Sterility |
| K | Phylloquinone | Green vegetables | Bleeding disorders |
| Type | Antigen | Antibody | Can Donate To | Can Receive From |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | A | Anti-B | A, AB | A, O |
| B | B | Anti-A | B, AB | B, O |
| AB | A and B | None | AB only | A, B, AB, O (universal recipient) |
| O | None | Anti-A, Anti-B | A, B, AB, O (universal donor) | O only |
| Organelle | Function |
|---|---|
| Nucleus | Contains DNA, controls cell activities |
| Mitochondria | "Powerhouse of the cell," produces ATP (energy) |
| Ribosome | Protein synthesis |
| Cell Membrane | Controls what enters and exits cell |
| Chloroplast | Photosynthesis (plants only) |
| Planet | Position | Key Fact |
|---|---|---|
| Mercury | 1st | Smallest planet, closest to Sun |
| Venus | 2nd | Hottest planet (greenhouse effect), rotates backwards |
| Earth | 3rd | Only known planet with life |
| Mars | 4th | Red planet, has largest volcano (Olympus Mons) |
| Jupiter | 5th | Largest planet, Great Red Spot |
| Saturn | 6th | Famous rings, least dense (could float on water) |
| Uranus | 7th | Rotates on its side |
| Neptune | 8th | Strongest winds in solar system |
| Fact | Details |
|---|---|
| Age | ~4.5 billion years |
| Layers | Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core |
| Atmosphere | 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% other gases |
| Rotation Period | 23 hours 56 minutes (one day) |
| Revolution Period | 365.25 days (one year) |
| Tilt | 23.5° (causes seasons) |
| Deepest Ocean Point | Mariana Trench (10,994 m) |
| Highest Point | Mount Everest (8,849 m) |
| Concept | Details |
|---|---|
| Greenhouse Effect | CO₂, methane trap heat in atmosphere, warming planet |
| Ozone Layer | Protects from UV radiation, depleted by CFCs |
| Acid Rain | Caused by SO₂ and NOx emissions from factories |
| Deforestation | Loss of forests, increases CO₂, reduces biodiversity |
| Paris Agreement | 2015, limit warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels |
| COP | Conference of Parties (annual climate summit) |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Biodiversity | Variety of life in an ecosystem |
| Ecosystem | Community of living organisms and their physical environment |
| Carbon Footprint | Total greenhouse gases produced by an activity |
| Renewable Resources | Resources that can be replenished (solar, wind, water) |
| Fossil Fuels | Coal, oil, natural gas (non-renewable) |
| Photosynthesis | Plants convert CO₂ + H₂O + sunlight into glucose + O₂ |
| Invention | Inventor | Year | Key Fact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Printing Press | Johannes Gutenberg | 1440 | Revolutionized knowledge sharing |
| Telephone | Alexander Graham Bell | 1876 | First voice transmission |
| Electric Bulb | Thomas Edison | 1879 | Commercially viable light bulb |
| Radio | Guglielmo Marconi | 1895 | Wireless communication |
| Airplane | Wright Brothers | 1903 | First powered flight at Kitty Hawk |
| Penicillin | Alexander Fleming | 1928 | First antibiotic |
| Computer | Charles Babbage | 1837 (concept) | "Father of the Computer" |
| Internet | ARPANET | 1969 | Started as US military network |
| World Wide Web | Tim Berners-Lee | 1989 | Created at CERN |
| Dynamite | Alfred Nobel | 1867 | Nobel Prize named after him |
Test your knowledge with interactive MCQs from actual CSS and PMS exam papers.
Continue learning with these guides
50+ CSS and PMS essay topics with ready-to-use outlines organized by category: Pakistan Affairs, International Relations, Social Issues, Governance, Science & Technology, and Philosophy with an essay writing checklist.
Complete guide to governance and public administration in Pakistan covering government structure, CSS exam, civil service, key institutions, governance challenges, reforms, and e-governance for competitive exams.
Complete guide to federalism and provincial autonomy in Pakistan covering the 18th Amendment, NFC Award, CCI, centre-province relations, inter-provincial issues, and historical evolution for CSS, PMS exams.