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Complete Islamiat guide for CSS and competitive exams covering Pillars of Islam, Quran facts, Prophet Muhammad's life timeline, Khulfa-e-Rashideen, Ghazwat, Hadith collections, Fiqh schools, Islamic economics, and frequently tested MCQ facts.
Islamiat is a compulsory subject in CSS (100 marks) and appears as an MCQ component in PPSC, FPSC, and all commission exams. Many candidates treat it as easy, yet it is one of the most scoring subjects if prepared systematically. This guide covers every high-yield topic for exam preparation.
The five pillars form the foundation of a Muslim's faith and practice. These are tested in every exam:
| Pillar | Arabic | Details | Key MCQ Facts |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shahadah | الشهادة | Declaration of faith - "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His Messenger" | First pillar, Kalima Tayyaba |
| Salah | الصلاة | Five daily prayers: Fajr (2), Zuhr (4), Asr (4), Maghrib (3), Isha (4) | Total 17 Farz Rakaat, Jummah replaces Zuhr on Friday |
| Zakat | الزكاة | 2.5% annual charity on wealth exceeding Nisab | Nisab: 7.5 tola gold or 52.5 tola silver, obligatory in 2 AH |
| Sawm | الصوم | Fasting during Ramadan from dawn to sunset | Made obligatory in 2 AH, Laylatul Qadr in last 10 nights |
| Hajj | الحج | Pilgrimage to Makkah at least once if able | Obligatory in 9 AH, performed in Dhul Hijjah, Arafat is the most important day |
| # | Article | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Belief in Allah | Tawheed - oneness of God, no partners, most fundamental belief |
| 2 | Belief in Angels | Created from light (Noor), Jibrael, Mikael, Israfeel, Izraeel are the four major angels |
| 3 | Belief in Holy Books | Quran, Torah (Tawrat), Psalms (Zabur), Gospel (Injeel), Scrolls of Ibrahim |
| 4 | Belief in Prophets | 124,000 prophets, 25 named in Quran, first is Adam (AS), last is Muhammad (SAW) |
| 5 | Belief in Day of Judgment | Yaum-al-Qiyamah, accountability for all deeds |
| 6 | Belief in Qadr (Predestination) | Divine decree, good and bad from Allah |
| 7 | Belief in Life After Death | Akhirah, resurrection and eternal life |
| Topic | Details |
|---|---|
| Revelation Period | 23 years (610-632 CE), 13 years in Makkah, 10 years in Madinah |
| Total Surahs | 114 (86 Makki, 28 Madani) |
| Total Ayahs | 6,236 |
| Total Paras (Juz) | 30 |
| Longest Surah | Al-Baqarah (286 verses) |
| Shortest Surah | Al-Kausar (3 verses) |
| First Revelation | Surah Al-Alaq (Iqra - "Read") in Cave Hira, 610 CE |
| Last Revelation | Surah Al-Maidah, Verse 3 (some sources: Al-Nasr) |
| Compiled Into Book | During Hazrat Abu Bakr's caliphate by Zaid bin Thabit |
| Standardized Copies | During Hazrat Usman's caliphate |
| Bismillah | Appears 114 times (beginning of every Surah except At-Tawbah, twice in An-Naml) |
| Sajdah Tilawat | 14 verses of prostration |
| # | Collection | Compiler | Total Ahadith |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sahih Bukhari | Imam Muhammad bin Ismail Bukhari | ~7,275 (2,602 without repetition) |
| 2 | Sahih Muslim | Imam Muslim bin Hajjaj | ~7,500 (approx 3,033 without repetition) |
| 3 | Sunan Abu Dawud | Imam Abu Dawud | ~4,800 |
| 4 | Jami at-Tirmidhi | Imam Tirmidhi | ~3,956 |
| 5 | Sunan an-Nasai | Imam Nasai | ~5,700 |
| 6 | Sunan Ibn Majah | Imam Ibn Majah | ~4,341 |
Key MCQ Facts:
| Year | Event | Key Details |
|---|---|---|
| 571 CE | Birth | 12 Rabi-ul-Awal in Makkah, in the Year of the Elephant (Aam-ul-Feel) |
| 576 CE | Mother's death | Amina bint Wahb died at Abwa |
| 578 CE | Grandfather's death | Abdul Muttalib died, Abu Talib became guardian |
| 595 CE | Marriage to Khadijah | First wife, 15 years older, first person to accept Islam |
| 610 CE | First revelation | Surah Al-Alaq in Cave Hira through Angel Jibrael |
| 615 CE | Migration to Abyssinia | First migration, King Najashi (Negus) granted protection |
| 619 CE | Year of Grief (Aam-ul-Huzn) | Abu Talib and Khadijah both died |
| 620 CE | Isra and Miraj | Night journey to Jerusalem and ascension to heavens, 5 daily prayers ordained |
| 622 CE | Hijra to Madinah | Islamic calendar begins, Masjid-e-Quba (first mosque), Masjid-e-Nabawi built |
| 624 CE | Battle of Badr | First major battle, 313 Muslims vs 1,000 Quraish, decisive Muslim victory |
| 625 CE | Battle of Uhud | Muslims initially winning, archers left positions, Prophet injured |
| 627 CE | Battle of Trench (Khandaq) | Defensive battle, trench dug on Salman Farsi's advice |
| 628 CE | Treaty of Hudaibiya | 10-year peace treaty with Quraish, turning point for Islam's expansion |
| 629 CE | Battle of Mutah | First battle against Roman forces, Zaid bin Harith, Jafar bin Abu Talib martyred |
| 630 CE | Conquest of Makkah | Peaceful conquest, general amnesty declared, idols removed from Kaaba |
| 630 CE | Battle of Hunain | After Makkah conquest, against Hawazin and Thaqif tribes |
| 631 CE | Year of Delegations | Arab tribes sent delegations accepting Islam |
| 632 CE | Farewell Pilgrimage | Hajjat-ul-Wida, sermon at Arafat, 100,000+ Muslims |
| 632 CE | Death | 12 Rabi-ul-Awal, 11 AH, buried in Masjid-e-Nabawi, Madinah |
| Caliph | Tenure | Title | Key Achievements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abu Bakr Siddiq (RA) | 632-634 CE (2 years) | As-Siddiq (The Truthful) | Compiled Quran, fought Ridda Wars (against apostasy), sent armies to Syria and Iraq |
| Umar bin Khattab (RA) | 634-644 CE (10 years) | Al-Farooq (The Distinguisher) | Conquered Persia, Egypt, Syria, Jerusalem, established Shura, Islamic calendar, Baitul Maal |
| Usman bin Affan (RA) | 644-656 CE (12 years) | Dhun-Nurain (Possessor of Two Lights) | Standardized Quran copies, expanded Islamic navy, assassinated during rebellion |
| Ali bin Abu Talib (RA) | 656-661 CE (5 years) | Asadullah (Lion of Allah) | Battle of Jamal, Battle of Siffin, capital moved to Kufa, assassinated by Ibn Muljam |
Total Ghazwat (battles Prophet participated in): 27 Total Sariyya (expeditions without Prophet): approximately 36-60
| Battle | Year | Key Facts |
|---|---|---|
| Badr | 2 AH (624 CE) | First major battle, 313 vs 1,000, angels assisted Muslims, 70 Quraish killed |
| Uhud | 3 AH (625 CE) | Hamza (RA) martyred, Prophet injured, lesson about discipline |
| Khandaq (Trench) | 5 AH (627 CE) | 10,000 enemy force, trench tactic, siege lasted ~27 days |
| Khyber | 7 AH (628 CE) | Jewish fortresses conquered, Ali (RA) played key role |
| Conquest of Makkah | 8 AH (630 CE) | 10,000 Muslims, peaceful entry, general amnesty |
| Hunain | 8 AH (630 CE) | Against Hawazin tribe, initial setback then victory |
| Tabuk | 9 AH (631 CE) | Last expedition by Prophet, no battle occurred, Roman retreat |
| School | Founder | Region | Approach |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hanafi | Imam Abu Hanifa (699-767 CE) | South Asia, Turkey, Central Asia | Most liberal, emphasis on reason (Qiyas), most followed globally |
| Maliki | Imam Malik (711-795 CE) | North Africa, West Africa, UAE | Emphasis on practices of Madinah people |
| Shafii | Imam Shafii (767-820 CE) | East Africa, Southeast Asia, Egypt | Balanced between Hadith and reason |
| Hanbali | Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855 CE) | Saudi Arabia | Most conservative, strict adherence to Quran and Hadith |
Key concepts frequently tested:
| Concept | Description |
|---|---|
| Zakat | 2.5% obligatory charity on savings above Nisab |
| Ushr | 10% or 5% tax on agricultural produce |
| Sadaqah | Voluntary charity |
| Riba (Interest) | Strictly prohibited in Islam |
| Mudarabah | Profit-sharing business partnership |
| Musharakah | Joint venture partnership |
| Murabaha | Cost-plus financing |
| Ijarah | Leasing arrangement |
| Baitul Maal | State treasury established by Umar (RA) |
Islam established comprehensive rights 1,400 years before the UDHR (1948):
Test your knowledge with interactive MCQs from actual CSS and PMS exam papers.
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